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Eldest daughters often carry the heaviest burdens: Insights from Madagascar

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Firstborns in Madagascar transition into adulthood earlier than their younger siblings.

They are more likely to leave school early and marry at younger ages.

Early marriage can be a way for families to ease financial pressure, authors say.

Economic constraints are the main driver for firstborns transitioning into adulthood, they say.

The absence of differences in cognitive and non-cognitive skills suggests that broader community ties, rooted in fihavanana and extended kinship networks, help cushion the impact of early responsibility.

These collective structures may not erase inequality, but they offer a vital source of resilience.